Tuesday, 17 February 2026

Precision in Care, Prevention in Practice

 Precision in Care, Prevention in Practice

Presenter: Y Doruk Bilgili

Affiliations: Bandırma Onyedi Eylül University, Turkey

Presentation Type: Oral Presentation (Virtual)

Title: Management of ingrown toenail


🦶 Management of Ingrown Toenail

Ingrown toenail, medically known as onychocryptosis, is a common foot condition in which the edge of the nail grows into the surrounding skin. It most frequently affects the great toe and can cause significant discomfort and complications if not treated appropriately.

🔍 What Is an Ingrown Toenail?

An ingrown toenail occurs when the nail plate penetrates the adjacent periungual soft tissue. This leads to:

·         Pain and tenderness

·         🔴 Redness (erythema)

·         swelling (edema)

·         🦠 Infection in advanced cases

Although it can affect individuals of all ages, it is more commonly seen in young adult males.

⚠️ Causes and Risk Factors

Several factors contribute to the development of ingrown toenails:

·         ✂️ Improper nail trimming (rounding the corners instead of cutting straight across)

·         👟 Wearing tight, narrow, or pointed footwear

·         🦶 Foot deformities

·         🤕 Trauma or repeated pressure on the toe

·         💦 Excessive sweating (hyperhidrosis)

·         🧬 Hereditary predisposition

·         Abnormal nail shape or thickened nails

Understanding these risk factors is essential for both prevention and effective management.

📊 Clinical Classification (Heifetz Staging)

Ingrown toenails are classified into three stages according to the Heifetz classification, which helps guide treatment decisions:

Stage I – Mild

·         Pain and redness

·         Minimal swelling

·         No infection

Stage II – Moderate

·         Increased pain and swelling

·         Signs of infection

·         Possible discharge

Stage III – Severe

·         Chronic inflammation

·         Granulation tissue formation

·         Persistent infection

Treatment is selected based on the stage and severity of the condition.

🩺 Conservative (Non-Surgical) Management

Conservative treatment is recommended for early-stage (Stage I) cases and aims to relieve symptoms while preventing progression.

General Measures:

·         👟 Wear comfortable, wide-toe footwear

·         ✂️ Trim nails straight across (avoid rounding the corners)

·         🧼 Maintain proper foot hygiene

Symptom Relief:

·         🌊 Warm saline or antiseptic soaks several times daily

·         🧻 Placement of a small cotton wick, gauze, or plastic splint under the nail edge to lift it away from the skin

·         💊 Topical or oral antibiotics if infection is present

Early intervention at this stage often prevents the need for surgical procedures.


🔬 Surgical and Advanced Treatment Options

For recurrent, severe, or infected cases (Stage II & III), surgical management may be required.

Chemical Matricectomy

This procedure destroys part of the nail matrix to prevent recurrence using chemical agents such as:

·         Phenol

·         Sodium hydroxide (NaOH)

·         Trichloroacetic acid (TCA)

·         Silver nitrate

🔪 Surgical Techniques

·         Winograd technique (one of the most commonly performed procedures)

·         Partial nail avulsion

·         Electrocautery

·         Cryosurgery

·         CO₂ laser matricectomy

⚠️ Total nail avulsion (complete nail removal) is rarely indicated and is reserved for cases with severe nail deformity or extensive infection.


🏥 Postoperative Care

Proper postoperative care significantly reduces complications and promotes healing.

Recommended measures include:

·         🩹 Aseptic dressing changes

·         👀 Regular wound monitoring

·         💊 Adequate pain control

·         🦶 Elevating the affected foot

·         👟 Wearing loose footwear

·         🧼 Maintaining good nail and foot hygiene


⚠️ Possible Complications

Although generally safe when performed under sterile conditions by experienced practitioners, complications may include:

·         🦠 Infection

·         🩸 Bleeding

·         Tissue necrosis

·         Nail deformity

·         Recurrence

Careful surgical technique and patient adherence to postoperative instructions minimize these risks.

🎯 Conclusion

The management of ingrown toenail requires a multidisciplinary approach, including accurate clinical staging, appropriate treatment selection, and thorough patient education.

Early diagnosis and evidence-based treatment protocols play a vital role in preventing complications, reducing recurrence, and improving overall quality of life.

With proper care, patient awareness, and timely intervention, ingrown toenails can be effectively treated and prevented.


👩⚕️ About the Speaker

He is  Y.Doruk Bilgili. He completed his medical education at Demiroğlu Bilim University between 2009 and 2015. He completed my residency in pediatric surgery at Zonguldak Bulent Ecevit University between 2016 and 2022. He worked at Siverek State Hospital and Bandirma Training and Research Hospital between 2022 and 2024. He has been working as Head of Pediatric Surgery Department at Bandirma Onyedi Eylul University since April 2024. He is doing research on circumcision, perioperative anxiety and appendicitis.


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📅 March 26–28, 2026
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